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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">显示命令</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#id3">命令执行</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#id5">定义命令包</a></li>
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<section id="id1">
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<h1>书写命令<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p>每条规则中的命令和操作系统Shell的命令行是一致的。make会一按顺序一条一条的执行命令,每条命令的开头必须以 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tab</span></code> 键开头,除非,命令是紧跟在依赖规则后面的分号后的。在命令行之间中的空格或是空行会被忽略,但是如果该空格或空行是以Tab键开头的,那么make会认为其是一个空命令。</p>
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<p>我们在UNIX下可能会使用不同的Shell,但是make的命令默认是被 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/bin/sh</span></code> ——UNIX的标准Shell
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解释执行的。除非你特别指定一个其它的Shell。Makefile中, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#</span></code> 是注释符,很像C/C++中的
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">//</span></code> ,其后的本行字符都被注释。</p>
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<section id="id2">
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<h2>显示命令<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>通常,make会把其要执行的命令行在命令执行前输出到屏幕上。当我们用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@</span></code> 字符在命令行前,那么,这个命令将不被make显示出来,最具代表性的例子是,我们用这个功能来向屏幕显示一些信息。如:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nd">@echo</span> <span class="n">正在编译XXX模块</span><span class="o">......</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>当make执行时,会输出“正在编译XXX模块……”字串,但不会输出命令,如果没有“@”,那么,make将输出:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">echo</span> <span class="n">正在编译XXX模块</span><span class="o">......</span>
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<span class="n">正在编译XXX模块</span><span class="o">......</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>如果make执行时,带入make参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--just-print</span></code> ,那么其只是显示命令,但不会执行命令,这个功能很有利于我们调试我们的Makefile,看看我们书写的命令是执行起来是什么样子的或是什么顺序的。</p>
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<p>而make参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-s</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--silent</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--quiet</span></code> 则是全面禁止命令的显示。</p>
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</section>
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<section id="id3">
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<h2>命令执行<a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>当依赖目标新于目标时,也就是当规则的目标需要被更新时,make会一条一条的执行其后的命令。需要注意的是,如果你要让上一条命令的结果应用在下一条命令时,你应该使用分号分隔这两条命令。比如你的第一条命令是cd命令,你希望第二条命令得在cd之后的基础上运行,那么你就不能把这两条命令写在两行上,而应该把这两条命令写在一行上,用分号分隔。如:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>示例一:</p></li>
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</ul>
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<div class="highlight-makefile notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">exec</span><span class="o">:</span>
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<span class="nb">cd</span> /home/hchen
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<span class="nb">pwd</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>示例二:</p></li>
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</ul>
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<div class="highlight-makefile notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">exec</span><span class="o">:</span>
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<span class="nb">cd</span> /home/hchen<span class="p">;</span> <span class="nb">pwd</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>当我们执行 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">exec</span></code> 时,第一个例子中的cd没有作用,pwd会打印出当前的Makefile目录,而第二个例子中,cd就起作用了,pwd会打印出“/home/hchen”。</p>
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<p>make一般是使用环境变量SHELL中所定义的系统Shell来执行命令,默认情况下使用UNIX的标准Shell——/bin/sh来执行命令。但在MS-DOS下有点特殊,因为MS-DOS下没有SHELL环境变量,当然你也可以指定。如果你指定了UNIX风格的目录形式,首先,make会在SHELL所指定的路径中找寻命令解释器,如果找不到,其会在当前盘符中的当前目录中寻找,如果再找不到,其会在PATH环境变量中所定义的所有路径中寻找。MS-DOS中,如果你定义的命令解释器没有找到,其会给你的命令解释器加上诸如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.exe</span></code> 、
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.com</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.bat</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.sh</span></code> 等后缀。</p>
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</section>
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<section id="id4">
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<h2>命令出错<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>每当命令运行完后,make会检测每个命令的返回码,如果命令返回成功,那么make会执行下一条命令,当规则中所有的命令成功返回后,这个规则就算是成功完成了。如果一个规则中的某个命令出错了(命令退出码非零),那么make就会终止执行当前规则,这将有可能终止所有规则的执行。</p>
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<p>有些时候,命令的出错并不表示就是错误的。例如mkdir命令,我们一定需要建立一个目录,如果目录不存在,那么mkdir就成功执行,万事大吉,如果目录存在,那么就出错了。我们之所以使用mkdir的意思就是一定要有这样的一个目录,于是我们就不希望mkdir出错而终止规则的运行。</p>
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<p>为了做到这一点,忽略命令的出错,我们可以在Makefile的命令行前加一个减号 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code> (在Tab键之后),标记为不管命令出不出错都认为是成功的。如:</p>
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<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>clean:
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-rm -f *.o
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>还有一个全局的办法是,给make加上 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-i</span></code> 或是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--ignore-errors</span></code> 参数,那么,Makefile中所有命令都会忽略错误。而如果一个规则是以 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.IGNORE</span></code> 作为目标的,那么这个规则中的所有命令将会忽略错误。这些是不同级别的防止命令出错的方法,你可以根据你的不同喜欢设置。</p>
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<p>还有一个要提一下的make的参数的是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-k</span></code> 或是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--keep-going</span></code> ,这个参数的意思是,如果某规则中的命令出错了,那么就终止该规则的执行,但继续执行其它规则。</p>
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</section>
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<section id="make">
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<h2>嵌套执行make<a class="headerlink" href="#make" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>在一些大的工程中,我们会把我们不同模块或是不同功能的源文件放在不同的目录中,我们可以在每个目录中都书写一个该目录的Makefile,这有利于让我们的Makefile变得更加地简洁,而不至于把所有的东西全部写在一个Makefile中,这样会很难维护我们的Makefile,这个技术对于我们模块编译和分段编译有着非常大的好处。</p>
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<p>例如,我们有一个子目录叫subdir,这个目录下有个Makefile文件,来指明了这个目录下文件的编译规则。那么我们总控的Makefile可以这样书写:</p>
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<div class="highlight-makefile notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">subsystem</span><span class="o">:</span>
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<span class="nb">cd</span> subdir <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="k">$(</span>MAKE<span class="k">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>其等价于:</p>
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<div class="highlight-makefile notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">subsystem</span><span class="o">:</span>
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<span class="k">$(</span>MAKE<span class="k">)</span> -C subdir
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>定义$(MAKE)宏变量的意思是,也许我们的make需要一些参数,所以定义成一个变量比较利于维护。这两个例子的意思都是先进入“subdir”目录,然后执行make命令。</p>
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<p>我们把这个Makefile叫做“总控Makefile”,总控Makefile的变量可以传递到下级的Makefile中(如果你显示的声明),但是不会覆盖下层的Makefile中所定义的变量,除非指定了 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-e</span></code> 参数。</p>
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<p>如果你要传递变量到下级Makefile中,那么你可以使用这样的声明:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">export</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">variable</span> <span class="o">...></span><span class="p">;</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>如果你不想让某些变量传递到下级Makefile中,那么你可以这样声明:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">unexport</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">variable</span> <span class="o">...></span><span class="p">;</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>如:</p>
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<p>示例一:</p>
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<div class="highlight-makefile notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">export </span><span class="nv">variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> value
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>其等价于:</p>
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<div class="highlight-makefile notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> value
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<span class="k">export</span> <span class="nv">variable</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>其等价于:</p>
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<div class="highlight-makefile notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">export </span><span class="nv">variable</span> <span class="o">:=</span> value
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>其等价于:</p>
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<div class="highlight-makefile notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">variable</span> <span class="o">:=</span> value
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<span class="k">export</span> <span class="nv">variable</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>示例二:</p>
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<div class="highlight-makefile notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">export </span><span class="nv">variable</span> <span class="o">+=</span> value
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>其等价于:</p>
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<div class="highlight-makefile notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">variable</span> <span class="o">+=</span> value
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<span class="k">export</span> <span class="nv">variable</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>如果你要传递所有的变量,那么,只要一个export就行了。后面什么也不用跟,表示传递所有的变量。</p>
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<p>需要注意的是,有两个变量,一个是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SHELL</span></code> ,一个是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAKEFLAGS</span></code> ,这两个变量不管你是否export,其总是要传递到下层 Makefile中,特别是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAKEFLAGS</span></code> 变量,其中包含了make的参数信息,如果我们执行“总控Makefile”时有make参数或是在上层 Makefile中定义了这个变量,那么
|
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAKEFLAGS</span></code> 变量将会是这些参数,并会传递到下层Makefile中,这是一个系统级的环境变量。</p>
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<p>但是make命令中的有几个参数并不往下传递,它们是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-C</span></code> , <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-f</span></code> , <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-h</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-o</span></code> 和
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-W</span></code> (有关Makefile参数的细节将在后面说明),如果你不想往下层传递参数,那么,你可以这样来:</p>
|
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<div class="highlight-makefile notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">subsystem</span><span class="o">:</span>
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<span class="nb">cd</span> subdir <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="k">$(</span>MAKE<span class="k">)</span> <span class="nv">MAKEFLAGS</span><span class="o">=</span>
|
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</pre></div>
|
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</div>
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<p>如果你定义了环境变量 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAKEFLAGS</span></code> ,那么你得确信其中的选项是大家都会用到的,如果其中有
|
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-t</span></code> , <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-q</span></code> 参数,那么将会有让你意想不到的结果,或许会让你异常地恐慌。</p>
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<p>还有一个在“嵌套执行”中比较有用的参数, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-w</span></code> 或是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--print-directory</span></code> 会在make的过程中输出一些信息,让你看到目前的工作目录。比如,如果我们的下级make目录是“/home/hchen/gnu/make”,如果我们使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">-w</span></code> 来执行,那么当进入该目录时,我们会看到:</p>
|
|||
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>make: Entering directory `/home/hchen/gnu/make'.
|
|||
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</pre></div>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
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<p>而在完成下层make后离开目录时,我们会看到:</p>
|
|||
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>make: Leaving directory `/home/hchen/gnu/make'
|
|||
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</pre></div>
|
|||
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</div>
|
|||
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<p>当你使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-C</span></code> 参数来指定make下层Makefile时, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-w</span></code> 会被自动打开的。如果参数中有
|
|||
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-s</span></code> ( <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--slient</span></code> )或是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--no-print-directory</span></code> ,那么, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-w</span></code> 总是失效的。</p>
|
|||
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</section>
|
|||
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<section id="id5">
|
|||
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<h2>定义命令包<a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
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<p>如果Makefile中出现一些相同命令序列,那么我们可以为这些相同的命令序列定义一个变量。定义这种命令序列的语法以 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">define</span></code> 开始,以 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">endef</span></code> 结束,如:</p>
|
|||
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>define run-yacc
|
|||
|
yacc $(firstword $^)
|
|||
|
mv y.tab.c $@
|
|||
|
endef
|
|||
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
<p>这里,“run-yacc”是这个命令包的名字,其不要和Makefile中的变量重名。在 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">define</span></code> 和
|
|||
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">endef</span></code> 中的两行就是命令序列。这个命令包中的第一个命令是运行Yacc程序,因为Yacc程序总是生成“y.tab.c”的文件,所以第二行的命令就是把这个文件改改名字。还是把这个命令包放到一个示例中来看看吧。</p>
|
|||
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<div class="highlight-makefile notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">foo.c </span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">foo</span>.<span class="n">y</span>
|
|||
|
<span class="k">$(</span>run-yacc<span class="k">)</span>
|
|||
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
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<p>我们可以看见,要使用这个命令包,我们就好像使用变量一样。在这个命令包的使用中,命令包“run-yacc”中的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$^</span></code> 就是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo.y</span></code> , <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$@</span></code> 就是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo.c</span></code> (有关这种以 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$</span></code>
|
|||
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开头的特殊变量,我们会在后面介绍),make在执行命令包时,命令包中的每个命令会被依次独立执行。</p>
|
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</section>
|
|||
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</section>
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<p>© 版权所有 2014-2019, 作者:陈皓;排版:SeisMan.
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<span class="lastupdated">最后更新于 2022年5月22日.
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